UPSC Current Affairs — Monday, 24 August 2026

3 UPSC-relevant topics from Indian Express · With MCQs, Mains questions & concept explanations

GovernanceInternational RelationsScience & TechnologySecurity
Indian ExpressScience & TechnologySecurityRelevance 8/10

AI is transforming cyber attacks as well as defences: What this means for India

Relevant to UPSC Mains GS-3 (Science & Technology) and GS-2 (Security). Covers cybersecurity, AI applications, and national security challenges.

UPSC Relevance

Maps to GS Paper III (Science & Technology, Security) – AI in cybersecurity, national security implications, and India's strategic preparedness.

What You Need to Know

AI is being used both to launch sophisticated cyber attacks (e.g., automated phishing, deepfakes) and to defend against them (e.g., anomaly detection, automated response). India faces growing cyber threats from state and non-state actors.

Why It Matters for UPSC

For India, AI-driven cyber defence is critical to protect critical infrastructure (power, finance, defence) and data privacy. It also positions India as a leader in emerging tech, aligning with Digital India and Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Background

Cyber attacks have evolved from simple malware to AI-powered polymorphic threats. India's National Cyber Security Strategy (2020) and the establishment of CERT-In highlight the need for advanced defence. Recent incidents like AIIMS ransomware underscore vulnerabilities.

Current Relevance

India is rapidly digitizing, increasing attack surface. Recent reports highlight state-sponsored AI attacks. India's National Cyber Security Strategy and investment in AI research (e.g., National AI Mission) are steps toward building resilience.

Key Points for Revision

  • AI can automate cyber attacks, increasing speed and scale, making traditional defence obsolete.
  • India's CERT-In reported over 13.9 lakh cyber security incidents in 2022, highlighting the scale.
  • AI-based defence can reduce response time from days to seconds, crucial for critical infrastructure.
  • India's National Cyber Security Strategy (2020) emphasizes AI and machine learning for threat detection.
  • Public-private partnerships are essential to develop indigenous AI cyber defence tools.

Prelims Practice MCQs

Q1. Which of the following is a potential use of AI in cyber attacks?
(a) Automated vulnerability scanning
(b) Manual patch management
(c) Static firewall rules
(d) Human-only incident response

AI can automate vulnerability scanning to identify weaknesses faster. Other options are traditional, non-AI methods.

Q2. Consider the following statements: 1. AI can be used for both offensive and defensive cyber operations. 2. India's CERT-In is responsible for AI research. Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

AI is dual-use, enhancing both attacks and defences. CERT-In coordinates incident response, not AI research.

Q3. What is 'adversarial AI' in the context of cyber security?
(a) AI that attacks other AI
(b) AI that defends against attacks
(c) AI that generates phishing emails
(d) AI that automates patching

Adversarial AI involves manipulating inputs to deceive AI models, causing misclassification. This is a key concern for AI-based defence.

Mains Practice Questions

  • Discuss the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence on cyber security. How can India leverage AI to strengthen its cyber defence posture? (250 words)

    Discuss
  • Examine the ethical and security implications of using AI in cyber warfare. Suggest a framework for responsible AI deployment in India's cyber defence. (250 words)

    Examine
Indian ExpressInternational RelationsGovernanceRelevance 8/10

Doval heads to Beijing, boundary talks with Wang Yi tomorrow

Directly relevant to UPSC Mains GS-2 (International Relations). Covers India-China bilateral relations, border disputes, and high-level diplomatic engagements on geopolitical issues.

UPSC Relevance

Maps to GS Paper II (International Relations) under India-China bilateral relations, border management, and diplomatic engagement. Relevant for questions on India's neighbourhood policy and strategic partnerships.

What You Need to Know

NSA Ajit Doval's visit to Beijing for boundary talks with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, focusing on LAC disputes and peace maintenance. This is part of the Special Representatives (SR) mechanism for border negotiations.

Why It Matters for UPSC

It reflects India's diplomatic approach to manage border tensions while maintaining strategic autonomy. For UPSC, it illustrates the interplay of diplomacy, security, and geopolitics in India-China relations.

Background

India-China border dispute dates to 1962 war; LAC is not a demarcated boundary. Key turning points include 2020 Galwan clash, leading to disengagement agreements and multiple WMCC meetings. The SR mechanism was established in 2003 to resolve boundary issues.

Current Relevance

Talks occur ahead of BRICS summit, indicating India's effort to stabilize ties. Recent disengagement at Depsang and Demchok shows progress, but patrolling and buffer zone issues remain.

Key Points for Revision

  • NSA Doval's visit is part of SR mechanism, first since 2019.
  • Talks focus on LAC, peace maintenance, and disengagement at friction points.
  • BRICS summit in Delhi next month is a backdrop for diplomatic engagement.
  • India insists on status quo ante in eastern Ladakh, especially Depsang and Demchok.
  • China's stance on border issues linked to broader bilateral relations.

Prelims Practice MCQs

Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Special Representatives (SR) mechanism for India-China boundary talks: 1. It was established in 2003. 2. It is led by the National Security Advisors of both countries. 3. It has successfully resolved the boundary dispute. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

The SR mechanism was established in 2003 to discuss boundary issues, led by NSAs. It has not resolved the dispute, only managed tensions.

Q2. Which of the following is/are Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) between India and China? 1. Hotline between military commanders. 2. Agreement on patrolling norms. 3. Joint military exercises. Select the correct answer using the code below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Hotlines and patrolling agreements are CBMs; joint exercises are not typical due to trust deficit.

Q3. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is best described as:
(a) A legally demarcated international border
(b) The de facto boundary between India and China
(c) A demilitarized zone
(d) A riverine boundary

LAC is the de facto boundary, not legally demarcated, with differing perceptions.

Mains Practice Questions

  • Discuss the role of the Special Representatives (SR) mechanism in managing India-China border tensions. How has it evolved after the 2020 Galwan clash? (250 words)

    Discuss
  • Examine the strategic significance of India-China boundary talks in the context of India's 'Act East' policy and regional security. (250 words)

    Examine
Indian ExpressInternational RelationsRelevance 8/10

5 years on, how India has warmed up to the Taliban

Relevant to UPSC Mains GS-2 (International Relations). Covers India-Afghanistan relations, Taliban governance, and regional geopolitics.

UPSC Relevance

Maps to GS Paper II (International Relations) – India's foreign policy towards Afghanistan and the Taliban, including strategic interests and regional security dynamics.

What You Need to Know

India's evolving diplomatic engagement with the Taliban since their takeover of Afghanistan in August 2021, balancing strategic interests with security concerns. India has not formally recognized the Taliban but has maintained diplomatic presence and provided humanitarian aid.

Why It Matters for UPSC

Afghanistan's instability directly impacts India's security, particularly terrorism and radicalization. Engagement is crucial for regional connectivity (Chabahar port) and countering Pakistan's influence.

Background

India historically supported the Northern Alliance against the Taliban in the 1990s. Post-2001, India invested in Afghanistan's infrastructure and development. After the Taliban's return, India pivoted to a pragmatic approach, reopening its embassy in Kabul and engaging in humanitarian assistance.

Current Relevance

Recent reports indicate India may upgrade its diplomatic presence in Kabul, signaling a shift towards deeper engagement. This is driven by changing regional dynamics and the need to protect India's investments and strategic interests.

Key Points for Revision

  • India has not formally recognized the Taliban but maintains a technical mission in Kabul since 2022.
  • India provided over 50,000 metric tonnes of wheat and 500 tonnes of medicines as humanitarian aid.
  • India's engagement is conditional on Taliban ensuring Afghan soil is not used for terrorism against India.
  • Chabahar port remains central to India's connectivity plans, with operationalization of the port's terminal in 2024.
  • India's policy shift is influenced by China-Pakistan influence in Afghanistan and the need for strategic balance.

Prelims Practice MCQs

Q1. Consider the following statements regarding India's engagement with the Taliban: 1. India has formally recognized the Taliban government. 2. India has provided humanitarian aid to Afghanistan. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

India has not formally recognized the Taliban government, but it has engaged through a technical mission and provided humanitarian assistance, including wheat and medicines.

Q2. Which of the following is a strategic asset for India to access Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan?
(a) Suez Canal
(b) Chabahar Port
(c) Gwadar Port
(d) Hambantota Port

Chabahar Port in Iran provides India a strategic gateway to Central Asia and Afghanistan, bypassing Pakistan's land route.

Q3. India's engagement with the Taliban is primarily driven by which of the following concerns?
(a) Economic trade
(b) Security and counter-terrorism
(c) Cultural ties
(d) Energy security

India's main concern is preventing Afghan soil from being used for anti-India terrorism, making security the key driver of engagement.

Mains Practice Questions

  • Examine India's evolving approach towards the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. What are the key drivers and challenges? (150 words)

    Examine
  • Critically analyse the implications of India's engagement with the Taliban for its foreign policy and regional security. (250 words)

    Critically analyse

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